Endoscopy refers to a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a flexible tube with a light and camera (endoscope) into the body to visualise and, if needed, treat or take samples of internal organs. Interventional endoscopy refers to the use of endoscopic techniques for therapeutic or interventional purposes. In veterinary medicine, interventional endoscopy can be a valuable tool for both diagnostic and treatment purposes.
Common types of interventional endoscopic procedures in veterinary medicine include:
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Diagnostic: Endoscopy can be used to visualise the oesophagus, stomach, and intestines, allowing for the identification of abnormalities, such as ulcers, tumours, or foreign bodies.
Therapeutic: Endoscopic procedures can be used to remove foreign bodies, biopsy abnormal tissues, or treat bleeding lesions.
Bronchoscopy
Diagnostic: Visual examination of the airways can help identify respiratory issues, such as infections or tumours.
Therapeutic: Removal of foreign bodies or collection of samples for biopsy or can be accompanied by a bronchial alveolar lavage which a sample can then be sent for culture and sensitivity.
Cystoscopy
Diagnostic: Examination of the urinary bladder for the identification of stones, tumours, or other abnormalities.
Therapeutic: Treatment of bladder stones or biopsy of abnormal tissues.
Arthroscopy
Diagnostic: Visualisation of joint structures for the identification of joint diseases or injuries.
Therapeutic: Treatment of joint conditions or removal of loose cartilage or bone fragments.
Endoscopy can also be used in other ways, including laser treatment of ectopic ureters. An ectopic ureter is a condition where the ureter, the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder, does not enter the bladder at its normal location but instead connects to the urinary system at an abnormal site. This condition is more common in certain breeds, including Labradors, Golden Retrievers, Poodles, and Westies.
Diagnostic: Visualisation of the urinary tract and identify the location of the ectopic ureter.
Therapeutic: Treatment of the ectopic ureter using a laser which can be used to ablate tissues and create a new opening for the ureter in the bladder at the correct location.
Interventional endoscopy is often indicated when a less invasive approach is preferred, providing advantages such as reduced recovery times, decreased postoperative pain, and shorter hospital stays. It can be particularly useful for patients who may not tolerate more invasive surgical procedures.